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    "Unloaded two-resistor divider only",
    "Canonical input is exactly three of Vin, R1, R2, Vout",
    "Fewer than three inputs → NEEDS_THREE_INPUTS",
    "All four inputs → TOO_MANY_INPUTS (not a consistency check)",
    "Solving R1/R2 requires Vin > Vout > 0 (INVALID_DIVIDER_VOLTAGES otherwise)",
    "R1+R2=0 when solving Vout → RESISTANCE_MUST_BE_POSITIVE",
    "Not for loaded dividers, AC reactive dividers, or RF"
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    "All four of Vin,R1,R2,Vout → TOO_MANY_INPUTS",
    "Negative inputs → VALUE_MUST_BE_NON_NEGATIVE",
    "Non-finite inputs → INVALID_NUMBER",
    "Solving R1/R2 when not (Vin > Vout > 0) → INVALID_DIVIDER_VOLTAGES",
    "R1+R2=0 when solving Vout, or R2=0 when solving Vin → RESISTANCE_MUST_BE_POSITIVE",
    "Vin=0 with R1,R2>0 → Vout=0, I=0 (valid)"
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  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "IEC 60050 — International Electrotechnical Vocabulary",
      "section": "Resistance (IEV 131-12-04)",
      "url": "https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-12-04",
      "supports": "R = u/I on each series resistor; unloaded divider uses this ohmic identity",
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      "clause": "IEV 131-12-04"
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      "url": "https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-15-10",
      "supports": "Along a closed path the algebraic sum of voltages is zero; Vin = VR1 + VR2 so Vout = Vin × R2 / (R1 + R2)",
      "kind": "standard",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "clause": "IEV 131-15-10"
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      "title": "NIST Guide to the SI (SP 811)",
      "section": "Volt, ohm, and ampere in circuit analysis",
      "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811",
      "supports": "SI units for voltage, resistance, and series current",
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      "title": "BIPM SI Brochure (9th edition, version 4.01)",
      "section": "SI base and derived units for volt, ohm, ampere, and watt",
      "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure",
      "supports": "Unit relationships for V, Ω, A, W used in divider power",
      "kind": "reference",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "published": "2026-06",
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.59161/AUEZ1291"
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