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    "Voltage is RMS for AC.",
    "DC does not use power factor. AC uses total power factor λ on real power."
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  "limitations": [
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    "DC payloads must omit power_factor",
    "Not for unbalanced three-phase",
    "Not for line-to-neutral three-phase as a selectable mode",
    "AC power_factor must be in (0, 1] — no soft coerce",
    "V ≤ 0 → VOLTAGE_MUST_BE_POSITIVE",
    "factor is an implementation constant (0.001) and is not an Agent input"
  ],
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    "AC power_factor must be in (0, 1] — PF≤0 → FRACTION_OUT_OF_RANGE (dedicated amps-kw engine)",
    "Voltage must be > 0 — zero/negative → VOLTAGE_MUST_BE_POSITIVE",
    "Zero current yields 0 kW — soft boundary",
    "Canonical Agent fields are current_a / power_kw / voltage_v / system / power_factor; REST still accepts a, b, phase, pf"
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    {
      "title": "IEC 60050 — International Electrotechnical Vocabulary",
      "section": "Active power (IEV 131-11-42)",
      "url": "https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-42",
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      "section": "Power factor (IEV 131-11-46)",
      "url": "https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-46",
      "supports": "λ = |P| / S; AC real-power formulas multiply V·I (and √3 for 3φ L-L) by λ",
      "kind": "standard",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "clause": "IEV 131-11-46"
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    {
      "title": "IEEE Std 1459-2025",
      "section": "Real power under balanced three-phase line-to-line conditions",
      "url": "https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1459/7578/",
      "supports": "1φ P = PF·I·V/1000; 3φ L-L P = √3·PF·I·V/1000",
      "kind": "standard",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "publisher": "IEEE",
      "published": "2025-05-16",
      "errata_checked": true
    },
    {
      "title": "BIPM SI Brochure (9th edition, version 4.01)",
      "section": "SI units for ampere, volt, and watt",
      "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure",
      "supports": "DC P = V·I; kW = 1000 W unit scaling",
      "kind": "reference",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "published": "2026-06",
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.59161/AUEZ1291"
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